Critically discuss the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism,...

Critically discuss the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism, explaining the reasons or arguments given by Buddhism to support these Truths and discussing at least one objection that could be raised against the first Noble Truth and one objection that could be raised against thesecond Noble Truth. The four noble truths of Buddhism take an important role in this religion. As it is called forth noble truths, it mainly divided in 4 parts: Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, and the last part is the Magga. The four noble truth were discovered by Sakyamuni and it were also announced by him. (Tsering, 2010) the main purpose of the Four Noble Truth is to tell people that the world is full of suffering and the reason that the people suffer is because of human’s†¦show more content†¦From the discussion above, it is proved that â€Å"Thirst† is not the unique reason that makes suffering exists but it is the most obvious and the most direct reason. Therefore, the definition of Samudaya that is written down in Pali Canon, it noticed that beside of Thirst as the main reason, there are still many different reason that makes suffering exists. The meaning of Thirsty in this second noble truth is not just about the dedication to desire, richness and power, but it also about the dedication to idea, dreams, perspective, theories, concepts and religious. (Tsering, 2010) Due to the analysis by Buddha, all of the disputes on this world such as quarreling at home or even world wars, are all occurred by the feeling of â€Å"Thirsty†. From this point of view, it is obvious that the essence on this world is all related to the principle of â€Å"thirsty†: When people are thirsting to improve, then it occurs war. (Engle, 2009) In fact, Buddha pointed out a point that he thinks† Human being always have the feeling which is called â€Å"unsatisfied†. That makes them to become the slave of Thirst.†(Engle, 2009) In the teaching of Buddhist, Samudaya is one or the most important doctrine. In the perspective of Buddhism, it is important to remember the cause of suffering: The cause of suffering is always i nside the suffering and it will never be outside of suffering. (Bodhi, 1994) In the original Pali Canon, there is an equationShow MoreRelatedThe Four Noble Truths Of Buddhism1533 Words   |  7 PagesCritically discuss the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism, explaining the reasons or arguments given by Buddhism to support these Truths and discussing at least one objection that could be raised against the first Noble Truth and one objection that could be raised against the second Noble Truth. Buddhism see’s the Four Noble Truths as the Buddha’s way of explaining the truth of the human condition and are described as the essence of His teachings. The Four Noble Truths play an important part in understandingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesWeidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction

Does Competition Benefit in Business Essay - 1219 Words

Does Competition Benefit in Business? Do businesses want to grow and advance, or remain at a standstill with production? Most say they want to grow and advance. This topic is important in the business standpoint. Shall business managers promote competition or not? â€Å"Smart business professionals use competition to their advantage† (Pearson 1). Businesses who use competition notice the positive effects later down the road. Seeking to thrive and grow, businesses need to promote competition and compete against the other firms in their business. â€Å"There’s nothing like a little competition to suddenly boost productivity† (qtd. in Penn 1). Although some critics argue that competition may develop a negative atmosphere in the workplace,†¦show more content†¦Most people look for deals to get the most bangs from their buck. Competition leads to profits within the business â€Å"if aimed at the right audience† (Fullman 1). Many researchers a gree that competition helps businesses adapt and develop the new products that Americans seek in today’s marketplace. â€Å"Bringing to market better, faster, thinner, greener products involves competition† (Rose 2). Businesses compete to sell the most appropriate product for their consumers. The increase in competition is an advantage to consumers because they find a decrease in prices. Businesses should promote competition in order to establish efficient performance. If employers are honest and true to the business, then they give the manager their best effort. This effort grows with competition and therefore the business witnesses a dramatic increase in sales and productivity. â€Å"Competition can make producers work harder to figure out how to reduce costs† (Penn 1). This change in motivation and commitment within the business leads to increase in wages. Why wouldn’t an employee want an increase in their pay? With a chance of better pay, e mployees commit themselves to the business. â€Å"Productivity is important because the higher it is, the lower the prices, the greater the output, the higher the return on capital, the higher the wages, and the greater the chance a business has of surviving† (Penn 1). Even in a market with high-density producers, consumers find aShow MoreRelatedThe US Laws and Guidelines Governing Fair and Equitable Business Practices834 Words   |  4 Pagesand Guidelines Governing Fair and Equitable Business Practices BUSN115 September 21, 2013 Professor Neal McGregor The US Laws and Guidelines Governing Fair and Equitable Business Practices The United States became one of the most influential world powers virtually overnight. The system of functionality which maintains this growth and power is the refined codes of business practices which are the cornerstone for domestic and international business relations the world over. Due to the unprecedentedRead MoreEconomics For Business Assignment : Economics1362 Words   |  6 PagesEconomics for business assignment This is a two sided argument which needs complex and in-depth analysis to make a final judgement. The degree of government intervention may depend on many factors affecting the economy as a whole, a specific market and the businesses operating within it. The nature of different government regulations may have a restrictive nature, however some government action may have a beneficial effect on business activity and positively impact their objectives. It is essentialRead MoreWhy to Use Market Economy Essay749 Words   |  3 Pagesin rural areas. Among these four economic system, Mr.Robbins should use market economy for his new island, because market economy bring many benefits to a country. First, a market economy pushes businesses to make cheaper, better quality products so more people will buy the product that is being produced. The more options on the market, the more competitions. This results in higher profit for companies and businesses. When companies have more profit they can expand and make new products. If the companyRead MoreMarketing And Advertising : A Small Business Owner1030 Words   |  5 PagesAs a small business owner, there are few things as important as your marketing and advertising. Not only is it the way that people come to even know your business exists, but it is your only line of defense getting customers to select and be loyal to your business rather than to your competition. So, needless to say, you want your advertising to be as compelling as it possibly can be. Here, we will lay out some fundamental principles and standards by which you can create powerful and persuasive marketingRead MoreEconomics and Patent Protection in the US: Case Stu dy Notes891 Words   |  4 Pagesoperates in a market characterized by monopolistic competition. This market form features relative ease of entry and exit, multiple firms in the market, a slight degree of differentiation among firms in the market, and it is on the basis of that differentiation that the firms compete. My company, Starbucks, is broadly within the quick service restaurant business and is differentiated by its coffee focus, brand and product mix. Within the coffeeshop business, brand recognition, the Starbucks experienceRead MoreEssay about Railroad Deregulation in Eu and Us1605 Words   |  7 Pagesrailway transportation operations are open for free competition, starting with the most profitable segment of the business, freight transportation and the passenger portion later on. Deregulation is the removal or simplification of government rules and regulations that constrain the operation of market forces. Deregulation does not mean elimination of laws against fraud or property rights but eliminating or reducing government control of how business is done, thereby moving toward a more free marketRead MoreThe Eu And The European Union970 Words   |  4 Pagesjoined the EU on January 1973. On this year the United Kingdom started to follow EU law. Therefore, UK has three main sources of law which are statutory law (Act of Parliament), Case law and EU law. All of them could affect any business in various ways depend on business type, size, policies and etc. New countries which want to join EU must sign a treaty to become a member and to commit to their rules. There are five main bodies in EU: the Act Of Parliament, European Commission, European CouncilRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot887 Words   |  4 Pagesrepresents the areas of a business plan, Strengths, Wea knesses, Opportunities, and Threats. With a little thought a SWOT analysis can help a business uncover opportunities that are well-placed to exploit. Also, by understanding the weaknesses of a business, you can manage and eliminate threats that would otherwise catch you unawares. But the most advantageous of a SWOT analysis is can lead you to developing a strategy that helps distinguish you from your competitors and allow a business to compete more effectivelyRead MoreThe Production Process Of Making Mcdonald s Burgers Capital Or Labour Intensive? Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesPart 2 McDonald’s commercial goals A commercial goal is an aim or an objective that a firm may hold in relation to financial priorities. A business may possess commercial goals to ensure that profit is generated. As a result business growth occurs. Profit maximisation One of a business’s main commercial goals is profit maximisation. This allows the business to be as efficient as possible, maximising growth as well. 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A Secret Weapon for Underground Railroad Essay Topics

A Secret Weapon for Underground Railroad Essay Topics Their role is quite much like a mentor. It permits for understanding the total effect of events before and in the present and later on. As a historian you have to interrogate your sources and ask the crucial questions. This lasted for over three decades. Even though there is an underground railroad train coming in a couple of days, they decide to remain in South Carolina. If you wish to observe a ghost go to Gettysburg Pennsylvania. In the basement, there's evidence of a little room employed in the Underground Railroad. Many blacks decided to remain in the east portion of Kansas, like in Topeka's Tennessee Town. It was warning to escapees to have a zigzag route to receive away from slave hunters which were in the place. On the Underground Railroad, bulk of the slaves which were running were men. As slavery within this country grew, so did the range of those attempting to escape their fate. Name a renowned women's su ffragist. What's more, the existent literature sometimes appears to obscure the true story still further. The previous one gives us the chance to discuss, share difficulties and thoughts which were stimulated by our trip to the Freedom Center. The museum does not have any lack of information to share and you'll discover that it's well worth the trip. All you need to do is to choose the business writing option and select the kind of paper you will need to order. Underground Railroad Essay Topics The Underground Railroad was employed as a succession of networks. Among its biggest surprises is that, despite the book's subtitle, it often was not hidden at all. It came about as a result of the yearning we all have to be free. It was a very important part of US history that made freedom possible for many. Underground Railroad Essay Topics Ideas Contemporary paint formulas do not include lime. In some instances, the blocks are so reduced in size that the whole miniature quilt m ight wind up being smaller than the initial block. A variation of analytic scoring might be utilized in a situation where the emphasis of instruction at a certain time may be on a subset of the seven scoring elements. Quite a while ago, that wasn't really the circumstance. Underground Railroad Essay Topics Ideas They are presently burdened with school loan debt as well as the debts they have been required to meet before attending college. Many colleges and universities rate its' educational values dependent on the sum of money in its' coffers and the sum of money they can amass! Why is it college educated candidates discover that not only do they need to compete with ivy-leaguers, they need to compete with higher school educated folks also. Addressing historical issues in an authentic and truthful way can be quite challenging but is essential for students to come up with a detailed understanding of earth. Here you are able to observe a multimedia presentation that will reveal to you the significance of the railroad. Underground Railroad Essay Topics Help! States pursued their very own escapees, although Northern states were required to aid in capturing runaways. Moreover, because of an absence of schools to handle their intellectual wants, more or less every pre-Civil War era literate Black had been self-taught. The North Star is a rather important star because it is frequently employed for navigation. It is easy to find if you look for the Big Dipper, which is part of the constellation Ursa Major. They all have wonderful appeal in many ways, and you're bound to walk from the theater after each of these, being very pleased and thinking your money was well spent. They had only two shirts annually. You paid lots of money for it and you would like it to run well for a very long moment. Anyway, a couple months after buying your vehicle, someone steals it. But these individuals have to be mindful not to lose their good standing. The men were much more cautious and they could work and help save money when they reached freedom so he can buy his loved ones or help them escape away from their owners to freedom (Heinrichs 24). The accused runaway was not permitted to speak on their behalf or to get a defense of any type. The Secret to Underground Railroad Essay Topics Fugitives began to find out more about their surroundings as a way to survive. The Williams property isn't open to the general public. Routes were sometimes indirect to prevent detection. The Argument About Underground Railroad Essay Topics In case the Journey could be made to Britain, the consequent lifestyle would be well worth it. Appointments have to be made 48 hours beforehand.

Cognitive Approach to Emotion Management

Question: Discuss about the Cognitive Approach to Emotion Management. Answer: Introduction: Firstly, there seems to be lack of communication between Susan and her subordinates. Susan merely tells her assistant managers who directly report to her what she expects of them. She does not take enough steps to find out what the employees under her leadership want. Susan should have helped employees set goals for themselves and then supported them as given in the path goal theory of leadership (Path Goal Theory 2017). Secondly Susan does not ask many questions from her seniors regarding the work given to her. She does not offer any suggestions to her seniors regarding the job she is entrusted with. There is transactional leadership by her seniors and Susan also has adopted that style as a leader herself (Liu, Liu and Zeng 2011). Thirdly, Susan seems to lack patience. She should have asked Ben why so much time was being taken in preparing for the trade show, the marketing campaign. She herself should have talked to Johnson also and faced their emotional outbursts. Then she should have managed their emotions to solve the conflict. She seemed reluctant to communicate (Effective Communication And Leadership 2017). Fourthly, Susan did not understand that work is to be done by her subordinates. If they are not happy, the work would suffer. Her leadership style does not show concern for subordinates, what they want out of work as shown in the leadership grid. She is more of a transactional leader (Odumeru and Ogbonna 2013). Fifthly, Susan did not realize that there was a need for change and she should have changed her approach to dealing with her employees. She is not a transformational leader (Transformational Leadership 2017). She did not change her attitude to win over unsatisfied employees. She did not support the initiatives of Ben and other employees. Relationship between Susan Wong and her staff Susans attitude towards her assistant managers is biased. She has a group of assistant managers as her favourites. Susan talks to them more about how work is to be done and how they can be involved in getting things done. These assistant managers are part of the ingroup as given in the leader member exchange theory. Then there is part of the assistant managers who Susan does not trust so much and is not comfortable talking to. These managers are consulted less by her regarding work. they are part of the outgroup. The inner group of assistant managers feel that they are more cared for in the company. They are more satisfied with the company as a result they also make more efforts to do good work. They are more motivated employees. on the other hand the outgroup feels that the leader is prejudiced. All the good assignments go to the ingroup. They also seem to be more likely to get a promotion. This causes lot of resentment among members of the outgroup. Susan also does not communicate much with the other team members outside the group of her assistant managers (Effective Communication And Leadership 2017). She is neglecting the other team members. There is hardly any leader member exchange when it comes to talking to members like Johnson and Ben. Susan does not talk to Johnson when she should have faced the person and tried to get first hand information from him. She is busy mostly with her assistant managers and asks them to talk to group members. So all other members in a way belong to the outgroup who are cared for less by Susan. If Susan had developed more communication with the other team members, she would have known better what are the problems being faced by the staff. She would have known about the aspirations of her staff, what they wanted to achieve in life through their employment. Susan was not following the path goal theory in its entirety (Northhouse 2016). The basic idea behind this leadership concept is that A leader who follows the path goal theory interacts and sits with her or his juniors and communicates more with them (Path Goal Theory 2017). Susan should have taken more interest in the development of her employees. A leaders job is not only to give directions to her employees but also see how they react to her directions. There is need for a leader to find out if her proposals regarding work are taken well by the followers or not.. Susan should have helped the team members to evolve (The Blake Mouton Managerial Grid 2017). She should have mentored personally some of the team members who we re showing outstanding capabilities and work. She should have taken more interest in Bens work and groomed him as a greater leader that the person could have developed into. There should have been communication by Ben that anybody with more ideas about work could come forward and talk to her (Eisenbei and Boerner 2013). Strategies that could be adopted by Susan for interpersonal emotion management Different leaders sometimes behave differently in a situation (Northhouse 2016). Susan faced different kind of situations in her company as a leader. She had a team member Johnson Fellows who used to take interest in work initially but later became disinterested in work. Susan instead of directly talking to Johnson asked her assistant managers to look into the problems of Johnson and other discontented staff. Susan was known to take things hands on but in this case maybe she was unsettled by the reaction of Johnson (Thiel, Griffith, and Connelly 2015). She failed to address friction and discontent among the staff directly. She had a golden opportunity to prove her mettle as a leader. There was a need from her to manage the emotions of staff like Johnson (Little, Gooty and Williams 2016). Susan would have realized that if the emotions of staff went out of control there could be complete lack of discipline in the organization and work would have come to a halt. She could have managed their emotions by directly talking to them and facing any outbursts from them herself. Before meeting Johnson, Susan should have inquired from her assistant managers what feedback they could give regarding the problems of the discontented staff. Susan could have applied two approaches to manage the emotions of the staff. One of them would be behavioural approach that involves the leader understanding that people in the group have genuine problems. They have felt ignored and maybe harassed by the transactional style of leadership by Susan. In this case Susan would have realized that she should have been more caring for the feelings of the staff and there could have been more participative type of management from her. In this case Susan would show some empathy when she meets angry staff (Thiel, Griffith and Connelly 2015). In this case, Susan would have done an analysis of the grievances of the staff and found that some of them were genuine and anger of the staff was justified. Susan would try to calm down the nerves of the people by talking to them in a softer tone and not trying to show that as she was the boss, she knew everything and could treat the staff as she wishes (Little, Gooty and Williams 2016). Susan in this case would involve the staff in finding and creating solutions for them. This strategy of interpersonal emotion management would make Susan more popular with the staff as they would feel they have been given more respect and involvement in the entire process. Another strategy that Susan could have relied on is the Cognitive approach in which Susan would have come to the conclusion that the members of staff were to be blamed to a certain extent for the trouble and Susan would make them see reason and change themselves as she met them face to face (Cognitive Approach To Emotion Management 2017). This approach would show that the leader is strong and would not go out of the way to please the staff. The leader would make the staff change even at the cost of receding popularity as staff are also to be disciplined. Susan could have applied a mixed approach in managing the emotions of her staff which can also be called situational modification. She could have been strict or shown more empathy towards the employees after considering how they were responding to her suggestions (Guarana and Hernandez 2015). If the employees themselves start producing fruitful suggestions which can help the organization, the leader can be more receptive and cooperative towards them even if they had not behaved properly in the past. Even if a person is rude in the beginning but later mellows down, the leader should be soft towards the person when the individual becomes calm. The change in emotions of the team members should elicit a favourable response from the leader who need not be curt all the time but mix it with a softer tone of voice If Susan was to adopt a transformational approach There were ample opportunities for Susan to bring change and transformation in the company. When Johnson Fellows became furious at the management, Susan should have read the tell tale signs. She should have tried to build bridges with such dissatisfied employees by talking to them. A process of building of communication network within the group should have been started by her (Anderson and Sun 2015). She should have become a transformational leader. A transformational leader both uses authority and persuasion to get things done by group members. Instead Susan was spending less time with group members and was following a transactional style of leadership where old methods of doing work were being followed. The group members were just being told what to do and rewarded if work was done. No suggestions regarding work were asked from them by the leader. There should have been mentoring of Johnson by Susan who should have taken him in confidence. When employees are encouraged to talk among themselves, many dissatisfactions go away. The employees become more supportive to management. This is how change is introduced in an organization (Voet 2014). The support of employees is taken by the management. Employees like Ben who took the initiative in developing a marketing campaign for the electronic products of the company, needed to be encouraged by Susan. People like Ben can become future leaders of the company. Lines of communication should have been established among employees and informal communication helps to bring out new ideas (Sarros., Cooper and Santora 2011). An environment conducive to innovative ideas could have been provided with the efforts of Susan who could have brought transformation (Wright and Pandey 2011). Susan should have helped leaders like Ben to develop more social capital. This means that Ben should have been encouraged to interact with other members in the group and talk to them about his ideas regarding work (Liu, Liu and Zeng 2011). There should have been more conversations among group members and many new leaders would have emerged. Susan could herself be part of some such conversations (Effective Communication And Leadership 2017). But one drawback of encouraging such networking among the employees is that they would develop their own ideas and would like to carry them forward rather than carry out the suggestions and commands given by the transformational leader (Transformational Leadership 2017). But this should not deter the transformational leader from helping the group members discuss new ideas for change. Some ideas by the group members could lead to transformations within the company that can help it to make more profits. Susan as an authentic leader It becomes clear from the facts given in the case that Susan is not an authentic leader who wins the trust of its subordinates through fair dealings and open communication (10 Authentic Leadership Characteristics 2017). An authentic leader establishes certain rules according to which the subordinates are treated by the leader through his or her consistent dealings with the juniors (10 Authentic Leadership Characteristics 2017). But it becomes clear that Susan had certain juniors who were favoured by her in job allocation. No doubt the other employees felt cheated by her. Susan had developed an ingroup and outgroup of assistant managers and she had separate rules of engagement for them. For outgroup she was more of a transactional leader (Obiwuru et al. 2011). Many employees felt that they were not being cared for by their superior and their performance at work was all that mattered to the management. Susan failed to develop a proper work culture in her group (Agote, Aramburu and Lines 2016). There were more than eighty employees who directly reported to her. The number of such direct reports seems to be too high. Susan should have trained her assistant managers to interact more with the other employees to find about their feelings about work. Susan should have put in place a proper system of reward and performance among the employees. She failed to establish clear and transparent system for her interaction with the other employees (Laschinger and Fida 2014). She should have approached and met more junior employees in weekly meeting held by her and given them some work to do. Then she should have evaluated that work. This would have made her more popular with the employees. Susan was an authentic leader to the extent that she did interact with Ben and became aware of the ideas that Ben had regarding a new marketing campaign for selling the product of the company. In this case there was some fruitful leader member exchange. Susan agreed to the development of more ideas for selling the product of the company through the advertisements produced by Ben. So there was mutual commitment between Ben and Susan regarding the development of a new campaign. There was a level of sincerity in Susans attitude towards Ben. In this case Susan acted as an authentic leader, who cared to an extent about the feelings of subordinate (Qian, Lin and Chen 2012). Susan should help Ben to a certain extent as an authentic leader but should not allow Ben to take advantage of her. Ben has to complete the new advertising campaign on time. Ben should take this work seriously. If he is not responsible towards this work, Susan can take away the project from her and ask somebody else to do it. An authentic leader can be strict towards the individuals subordinates. References 10 Authentic Leadership Characteristics 2017, yscouts.com, viewed March 20, 2017, https://yscouts.com/10-authentic-leadership-characteristics/ Agote, L, Aramburu, N and Lines, R, 2016, Authentic leadership perception, trust in the leader and followers emotions in organizational change processes, The Journal Of Applied Behaviour Sciences, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 35-63, viewed March 20, 2017 Sage Anderson, M and Sun, P, 2015, The downside of transformational leadership when encouraging followers to network, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 26, pp. 790- 801, viewed March 20, 2017 Science Direct Cognitive Approach To Emotion Management, HAL archives-ouvertes, viewed March 30, 2017, https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01422207/document Effective Communication And Leadership 2017, smallbusiness.chron.com, viewed March 30, 2017, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/effective-communication-leadership-5090.html Eisenbei, S and Boerner, S, 2013, A double?edged sword: transformational leadership and individual creativity,British Journal of Management,vol.24, no 1, pp.54-68, viewed March 20, 2017, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00786.x/full Guarana, C and Hernandez, M, 2015, Building sense out of situational complexity: the role of ambivalence in creating functional leadership processes,Organizational Psychology Review,vol.5, no. 1, pp.50-73, viewed March 30, 2017, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2041386614543345 Laschinger, H and Fida, 2014, A time-lagged analysis of the effect of authentic leadership on workplace bullying, burnout, and occupational turnover intentions,European Journal of work and organizational psychology, vol.23, no 5, pp.739-753, viewed March 20, 2017, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1359432X.2013.804646 Little, L, Gooty, J and Williams, M, 2016, The role of leader emotion management in leader member exchange and follower outcomes, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 27, pp. 85-97, viewed March 20, 2017, Science Direct Liu, J, Liu, X and Zeng, X, 2011, Does transactional leadership count for team innovativeness? 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Obiwuru, T, Okwu, A, Akpa, V and Nwankwere, I, 2011, Effects of leadership style on organizational performance: a survey of selected small scale enterprises in ikosi-ketu council development area of lagos state, nigeria,Australian Journal of Business and Management Research,vol.1, no 7, p.100, viewed March 20, 2017, https://search.proquest.com/openview/ea3362d254f474ba95b094f6676e2daa/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=1996358 Odumeru, J and Ogbonna, I, 2013, Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: evidence in literature,International Review of Management and Business Research,vol.2, no. 2, p.355, viewed March 30, 2017 https://search.proquest.com/openview/5c6805ccdb46e209d3efa51ae375e8de/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=2029531 Path Goal Theory 2017, mindtools.com, viewed March 20, 2017, https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/path-goal-theory.htm Qian, J, Lin, X, and Chen, X, 2012, Authentic leadership and feedback-seeking behaviour: an examination of the cultural context of mediating processes in China,Journal of Management Organization,vol.18, no. 03, pp.286-299, viewed March 30, 2017, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-management-and-organization/article/authentic-leadership-and-feedbackseeking-behaviour-an-examination-of-the-cultural-context-of-mediating-processes-in-china/0871C1576DFA48977E8228B563E0011E Sarros., Cooper, B. and Santora, J 2011, Leadership vision, organizational culture, and support for innovation in not-for-profit and for-profit organizations,Leadership Organization Development Journal,vol. 32, no. 3, pp.291-309, viewed March 20, 2017, https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/01437731111123933 The Blake Mouton Managerial Grid 2017, mindtools.com, viewed March 20, 2017, https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_73.htm Thiel, S, Griffith, J and Connelly, S, 2015, Managing stress by person focused and emotion focused emotion management, Journal Of Leadership And Organizational Studies, vol. 22, no. 1, viewed March 20, 2017, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1548051813515754 Transactional Leadership Theory 2017, Managementstudyguide.com, viewed March 20, 2017, https://managementstudyguide.com/transactional-leadership.htm Transformational Leadership 2017, mindtools.com, viewed March 20, 2017 https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/transformational-leadership.htm Voet, J 2014, The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure, European Management Journal, Vol. 32, no 3, pp. 373- 382, viewed March 20, 2017, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263237313001175 Wright, B and Pandey, S 2011, Pulling the levers: transformational leadership, public service motivation, and mission valence, public administration review, Vol .72, no. 2, pp. 206-215, viewed March 20, 2017, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02496.x/full

Macroeconomics Collapse of the United States Housing Market

Introduction Economic recession is a cycle in business in which there is relatively lower economic activities in the business market. Such was the experience that the economy of the United States faced in the year 2009 following the crisis that was realized in the housing market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics: Collapse of the United States Housing Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though a recovery has since been realized, macroeconomic factors have been players in the housing bubble and the realized recovery. This paper seeks to discuss the macroeconomics of the United State’s economy. The paper will look into circumstances that led to the collapse of the United States housing market, classifications of macroeconomic indicators and possible steps towards economic recovery of the United States. Factors that led to the Collapse of Housing Market The collapse of the housing market was considerably a culmination of factors that had accumulated in a system for a long period of time. One of the causes of the crisis was identified to be the policies that were over time adopted by the country’s policy makers. Government policies made over the last three decades in the mortgage sector had, for instance, been geared towards pushing financial institutions towards increasing the level of financing to the general public. These policies thus pushed the institutions to offering loans to individuals who even failed to meet required credit worthiness levels. Legislations such as the â€Å"community reinvestment act† of the year 1977, for example, called for financial institutions to make lending advances to the communities in which they operated. The consequence of the legislation was that if an individual applied for a loan then the institution could have no option but to comply with the application or risk being accused of violating the country’s constit ution.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This move thus forced banks and other financial institutions to offer risky lending. The result was an increased borrowing that was invested in the housing sector. This eventually had a destabilizing effect on the market owing to the market forces of demand and supply (Gordon, 2008). The Federal Reserve was equally accused of fuelling the eventuality of the collapse in the market through steps towards destabilization of the housing market. Though the move might not have been direct or intentional, it played a role to the change in demand in the housing market. In a move that was viewed as a step towards stabilization of the economy, the public was to be empowered into investments through lowered rates. The reduced rates also contributed to people’s motivation into taking loans which were directed towards the housing market. This is particularly because the loans were made affordable to an increased majority that had previously feared the previously high rates (Murphy, 2008). The capitalistic system of the American economy is also a factor towards the crisis that was realized in the housing market. The fact that money value as well as the flow of capital is determined by the Federal Reserve rather that the market demand and supply for money also pushed the responsibility to the hands of the federal government and the Federal Reserve for the crash in the market. Since the Federal Reserve determines the flow of capital in the economy and even the money value, inaccurate decisions over these issues will bear consequences to the economy in terms of monetary value which translates to economic instability. The policies and legislations that led to increased lending were not out of credit worthiness considerations but due to pressure on the demand in the housing sector. Consequently there was inflation in the value of the houses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics: Collapse of the United States Housing Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The price of the subprime loans that were pumped into the market also led to increased rates on repayments that put burden on individual investors. People could then not pay for the loans leading to repossessions and a final collapse in the real estate value and the ultimate collapse of the housing market. The collapse of the market was thus due to economic policies that destabilized the market forces in the sector leading to its fall (BBC, 2007). Macroeconomic indicators Macroeconomics deals with the totality of an economy in terms of its performance and even behavior and structures among other aspects. Macroeconomic indicators can be classified into three categories. The first classification is the leading macroeconomic indicators which are defined as preliminary variabl es that foresee an occurrence in an economy. They point out to an occurrence that is not yet realized but is imminent. They are identified as the â€Å"variables that predicts or lead to† (McEachem, 2005, p. 432) economic changes. Though the leading indicators are a hint of what could happen in the economy, they cannot offer exact illustration of what will occur but rather offer a probabilistic forecast that could at the same time be wrong. A reduced rate of turnover in an industry can, for example, be an indicator of initial stages of recession in an economy. A change into improvement in the rate and volume of sales would on the contrary indicate a turn into economic recovery (McEachem, 2005). Another class of indicators is the coincident macroeconomic indicators. Coincident indicators are those variables that identify the extremes of an economy. They identify the economy’s best and worst performance in terms of period and even properties.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considerations of factors such a â€Å"total employment and personal income† (McEachem, 2005, p. 432) are examples of coincident indicators. Lagging indicators are on the other hand variables that show effects of economic changes and are identified after these changes have occurred. Such indicators include factors such as interest rates and considerations of unemployment in an economy in terms of time period (Elwell, 2011). Possible Steps towards Economic Recovery The economic recession as realized by the United States in the year 2007 to the year 2009 are significantly blamed on economic policies that drove the housing market to its inflation and subsequent collapse. Necessary counter measures to this inflation, which I would adopt if I were the president, are monetary together with fiscal policies. Monetary policies such as increasing the lending rates as well as restricting regulations on bank lending are some of the measures that I would enact to reduce the money flow int o the economy. Among the fiscal policies that I would adopt is the federal investment into the housing sector in order to save the American citizens from losing their houses to financial institutions in the form of repossessions. Conclusion The performance and state of economies are cyclic with recession and recovery sessions. Though it can at times be abrupt and inevitable, there exist indicators that can predict economic cycles. Necessary policies can also be adopted to prevent or control unfavorable economic periods. References BBC. (2007). The downturn in facts and figures. Retrieved from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7073131.stm Elwell, C. (2011). Economic Recovery: Sustaining U. S. Economic Growth in a Post-Crisis Economy. Darby, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing. Gordon, R. (2008). Did liberals cause the subprime crisis? Retrieved from: https://prospect.org/article/did-liberals-cause-sub-prime-crisis McEachem, W. (2005). Economics With Infotrac: A Contemporary Introductio n. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Murphy, R. (2008). Did the Fed cause the housing bubble? Retrieved from: https://mises.org/library/did-fed-cause-housing-bubble This essay on Macroeconomics: Collapse of the United States Housing Market was written and submitted by user Ronan Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Science Fiction Turns Reality essays

Science Fiction Turns Reality essays Hundreds of movies and books are based on the fear for clones. In 1997 Dolly, the first cloned mammal, was created and no longer was cloning considered Science Fiction. The public responses to Dolly the sheep varied but, from President Clinton down, there was almost universal agreement that such a thing must never be allowed to happen to humans(Dawkins 54). Human cloning stirs up the controversy between what is right, what is wrong, and where should society draw the line (Elmer-Dewitt 1). There are arguments for both sides but the con position is considerably stronger. People believe cloning humans is religiously wrong, would diminish the worth and respect of human life, and the medical risks are too high. Where in any religious documentation does it state: thou shall not clone(Elmer-Dewitt 4)? The truth is, cloning is not mentioned in any religious document. To have a religious argument against cloning, people had to read between the lines. According to Paul Ramsey, a board member on the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), cloning humans would express the sin of pride or hubris(166). The Roman Catholic Church also agrees with this idea and furthers the argument saying human beings should not probe the fundamental secrets or mysteries of life, which belong to God(NBAC 168). While many people disagree with the Bible saying it is not a scientific or reliable source to base arguments on, 74% of the 1005 Americans that took the TIME/CNN poll in 1997 believe cloning is against Gods will (Human Cloning: Ethical Aspects 2/2). These Christians base their beliefs on the teachings of the Bible. Cloning can be considered the act of playing God(1/2). Not only can cloning be view ed as religiously wrong, it can also be looked at as a way to lessen the value of human life. ...

Museum Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Museum Paper - Essay Example A numbers of these European artists spent their entire lives in the United States. All the paintings on the museum walls were created by these great artists between 1799 to 1843. It is observed that a number of paintings in the gallery depicted outdoor sceneries and the sky. The West painting measuring 34 by 25.6 cm was properly displayed in order to demonstrate the rich experiences of these artists. My first encounter with the West’s paintings in the museum walls were first confusing to me to an extent that I did not even recognize Benjamin Franklin, probably because I had little experience owing to my Qatar native and only two years of living experience in the united states. My little stay within the United States meant that I had little understanding of the American history. According to my understanding on these types of painting, I imaged that the West’s painting with a pictorial painting of an old man surrounded by angels as a person seeking for God’s divine and mercy because the pictures are made facing the sky. I my little understanding of the West’s art work, I thought these paintings symbolized guidance as the wends created a strong illusion of the presence of God in me and I finally had to inflame it because I could not explain it owing to my little understanding of the American art works. The presence of light symbolized intervention and s atisfaction. My little interpretation was also influenced by spiritual upbringing that made me closer to fundamental beliefs of God. For sure, I was aware that my interpretation of these great artistic works was different from the American artists because they had a deeper understanding of their profession. King George III, born in 1738in the United States had great control of America before losing the colonial control. Although he had an English originality, his presence

Asthma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Asthma - Assignment Example They include; inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, long-acting beta agonists (LABAs), theophylline and a combination of inhalers that contain both corticosteroid and a LABA. Inhaled corticosteroids include: Fluticasone, Budesonide, Mometasone, Beclomethasone, Ciclesonide (Naff and Clay 2010). Inhaled corticosteroids have a few side effects which include; one may experience a thrush when taking higher doses and on rare occasions hoarseness may occur. One should regularly rinse the mouth, gargle after using the asthma inhaler and use a spacer device with metered dose inhaler. The intended treatment outcomes include; reduced frequency of asthma attacks, reduced use of beta-agonist bronchodilators, and improvement of lung functions, reduction of emergency hospital visits and hospitalizations (Krauss 2003). A peak flow meter gauges how air moves out of one’s lungs. Measuring one’s peak flow is an important part in managing asthmatic symptoms as well as an asthma attack. The reading from this device helps the patient to detect changes which may be signs of worsening asthma. Thus one is alerted of the tightening of airways days or hours before the onset of asthma symptoms or attacks (Krauss

Creating a hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creating a hypothesis - Essay Example The group was asked to answer 3 questions. 1. Before the video, what was their opinion on abortions and what reason confirmed this belief?. 2. Do religion or science hold the most weight in your answer and to give a reason to confirm this opinion? 3. Did your opinion on abortions change after viewing the video and what in specific made them confirm their answer? The video was watched simultaneously by all five participants and the conductor of the focus group. Immediately after the viewing, the questionnaire was issued out for the questions to be answered. The testing sample exposed that initially, 4 out of 5 of the viewers believed that abortion should be legal prior to watching the video. The 1 individual who did not believe that abortion should be legal was a man. The primary confirmation answer was the fact that it was a personal choice and government should not be allowed to tell a woman what to do with her body. The sole participant that believed that abortion should not be legal based his answer upon the idea that life began at conception and it was a form of murder. The 2nd question answered by the sampled group as to weather science or religion held the most weight in there answer was 3 for religion and 2 for science. The 3 polled that felt as if religion held the most weight in their answer confirmed themselves to be Christian and said that they knew of nothing in the Bible that stated that they should not have an abortion. The 2 that answered science confirmed that the zygote would not be able to survive on its own outside of the womb. The 3rd and final question of the poll asked if their opinion about abortions was swayed after watching the video. The response remained the same. 4 of the participants still believed in abortion with the same 1 individual remaining constant to the answer that abortion should be illegal. Asked to confirm their answers, the general notion was that they were aware of the development

Mentoring in Practice

Mentoring in Practice Thembelani Dube Mentoring is described by Kinnell and Hughes(2010) as the transferring of knowledge ,skills and attitudes from health professionals to the students that they are working with. The royal college of nursing states that the role of the mentor is to enable the student to make sense of their practice through the application of theory, assessing, evaluating and giving constructive feedback and facilitating reflection on practice, performance and experiences. the NMC(2008) adds that a mentor is a nurse ,midwife or specialist public health nurse who facilitates learning, supervises and assesses students in a practice setting. The Nursing and Midwifery council (NMC,2006) have set standards for Nursing and Midwifery practice education, the standards to support learning and assessment in practice(SLAIP). The eight standards are a mandatory requirement for both students and mentors. The standards clearly outline the mentor’s responsibility for developing and ensuring the practice competence of students and provide a more defined statement regarding accountability for decisions that lead to entry to the professional register. These domains are going to be discussed individually in depth. Establishing effective working relationships Mentorship is the process that allows transference of knowledge, skills and attitudes from health professionals to the students that they are working with (kinnell and Hughes 2010). Wilson (2014) in his study concluded that mentoring involves modelling nursing practice, selecting learning opportunities for students, articulating one’s own practical and theoretical knowledge and assessing student’s competence in practice. By being role models, mentors provide an observable image of imitation, demonstrating skills and qualities for the student to emulate, Ness (2010). Wilkes(2006) points out that it is important to establish an effective working relationship where a mentor offers support but can also be objective and analytical. The student mentor relationship is crucial to the student’s learning experience particularly because the mentor’s role includes assessment of practice. Gopee (2011) listed some of the qualities of a mentor as nurturing, role modellin g, focusing on the professional development of the student, sustaining a caring relationship over time and functioning as teacher, sponsor, encourager and friend, Beskine (2009) suggests that orientation is the gateway to a successful placement. Starting off well promotes the quality of the placement. To establish an effective working relationship with the student a mentor should start by orientating a student to the placement, this provides an opportunity for the student to express any concerns. However the RCN (2007) recommends that in preparation of the placement a checklist should be discussed on the first day of working and this should include an up to date orientation pack. Walsh (2010) adds that there are two major facets to establishing effective working relationships, managing the student’s first day and week in a productive and welcoming way and mentor’s good use of communication skills and active listening. Gopee (2011) states that skills and techniques of communication are some of the most important tools the person undertaking the mentor’s role has to utilise. Facilitation of learning The major role of the mentor is to assist and encourage students to link theory and practice in a practical setting (Botma et-al,2013) the author adds that the student should be passionate, eager to learn, participate and be committed to make the relationship work. A study done by Jokelainen et-al(2010) identifies that facilitation of learning includes advance planning of training and placement learning , which includes ensuring planning and organising learning opportunities and being aware of details of the student and their training documents. Naming mentors and organising the student’s first day at work and ensuring that the student has the same shifts as the mentor. The NMC(2008) code of practice specifies that the registered nurse must be willing to share skills and experience for the benefit of others and has a duty to facilitate students and others to develop their competence. Wilson (2013) recommends that in order to facilitate learning, nurses should include students in their daily work, teaching clinical skills, giving written and verbal feedback. Aston and Hallam (2011) agrees that facilitation of learning includes planning relevant experiences for students, providing support and assessing clinical performance. However Kinnell and Hughes(2010) argues that finding out how a person learns is the key, this area should not be underestimated as it requires thought, insight and clinical background. The authors confirms that it is worth spending some time to think the student, the level they are at and what the best strategy would be to ensure their learning and development is facilitated appropriately depending on where they are at on their cou rse. Walsh(2010) identifies that there are many different theories and models of learning , but the three major ones are behaviourist, humanistic and cognitive. Gopee(2011) states that the humanistic learning theories have been developed with regards to how learning occurs. Carl Rogers’ student centred approach to learning reveals that a learning environment where a learner feels able to speak their mind and give their views is a healthy one. Thus mentors provides a safe, encouraging environment, guides the student to resources and opportunities and facilitates the student’s exploration of them. Marslow’ s humanistic hierarchy of needs model(1943) identifies that student mentor relationship and the learning environment are important elements of learning as this would ease anxieties and give the student a sense of belonging therefore enabling the student to achieve their learning needs. Malcolm knowles’s andragogy learning theory(1990) highlights that it is important to acknowledge students as adult learners.it describes adult learners as being more self directive, motivated and having a wealth of experience. Therefore it is important how mentors relate to and teach their students most of whom are readily regarded as adult learners. Assessment and accountability Kinnell and Hughes(2010) believes that it is a statutory requirement to assess healthcare students, it is necessary to assess student nurses during their training in order to licence them as competent practitioners and subsequently protect the public. Assessments highlight weaknesses and strengths and provides a baseline for future learning needs Nicklin and Kenworthy(1995).There are many methods of assessment including testimonies, reflective writing or discussions, direct observation and feedback from colleagues. Gopee(2011) points out that there are a number of other essential facets of assessment, this part is going to discuss formative and summative. The primary aim of the formative assessment is to promote learning so that the learner can do the skill safely and effectively and knows the rationale for each step of the intervention. Summative are conducted to determine whether the learner is now competent to work without direct supervision. it is summative that constitute a peri odic record of the student’s achievement of the aims and outcomes of a course or module. The NMC(2008) requires that most assessment of competence are to be undertaken through direct observation in practice and therefore registered nurses have a duty to facilitate students to develop their competence, they are accountable for ensuring that the individual who undertakes the work is able to do so and they are given appropriate support and supervision. Andrews et-al (2010)comments that assessment has become a major element of the mentor’s role. Many take on the role willingly but when faced with the notions of continuing assessment process become overwhelmed by the responsibility. Many nurses have difficulty taking responsibility for the student learning, especially making decisions about competency required while Lauder et-al (2008) argues that while mentors are crucial to developing students ’achievement of fitness to practice, they are hampered by lack of time to undertake the role. Walsh(2010) identifies that because the assessment process is for a whole host of good reasons it must be very robust. lt should accurately enable mentors to make realistic judgements about the students’ level of competence and thus whether to pass them or not. For the student a good assessment process also gives them valuable feedback, it helps them to identify what they need to do and enables them to set realistic future goals. NMC (2008) validity for assessment ensures that assessments measures what it’s designed to measure, there are two important key issues, how to measure and what to measure. The code of conduct points out that as professionals, nurses are personally accountable for their actions and omissions in practice areas and must always be able to justify decisions therefore it is important that weak students are identified early and given the right encouragement and support, and concerns are dealt with in a timely manner. Sharples et-al(2007)points out that it is wrong to assume that all students entering clinical placement will have the knowledge, skills and attitude to be successful. They will always be students who struggle to achieve competence and mentors who fail to evaluate a learner’s unsatisfactory performance accurately are said to be guilty of misleading the learner, and potentially putting the patient care at risk and thus failing in their accountability to the NMC (2006). The Duffy report of (2004) ‘failing to fail’ concluded that there are several reasons why some mentors are failing to fail students like not identifying problems early to the student therefore not giving the student sufficient time to improve, leaving it too late and that mentors may give students the benefit of the doubt when it comes to a final judgement regarding their clinical competence. Failing to fail creates poor standards, it leads to having practitioners entering the profession that are not fit for practice (Wells and McLoughin,2014) Evaluation of learning Mentors have the responsibility of developing the practice learning experience they are providing for students, evaluating how effective or ineffective the practice environment helps to fulfil this role (Aston and Hallam,2011).NMC(2008b)requires that registered nurses participate in self- and peer evaluation to facilitate personal development and contribute towards the development of others. In a mentor’s role the term evaluation is used in the context of the student’s practice learning experience. Evaluation assist in identifying areas that need to be improved as well as what is working well, it enables mentors to improve their mentorship skills and the learning experience for future students. NMC (2010) points out that feedback from students and mentors is used to inform the programme and enhance the practice learning experience. Elcock and Sharpes (2011) adds that just as evaluation is the key for improvement, without it there is a risk of making the same mistake ove r and over again. Aston and Hallam(2011) comments that evaluation is not to be confused with assessing as this is to measure the overall value of the learning experience or how worthwhile the practice learning opportunity has been. The process of evaluation involves obtaining feedback from relevant people, reviewing and discussing the feedback and planning action to implement change, and this can either be formal or informal Price (2006). Kinnell and Hughes states that mentors and students are exposed to a variety of evaluation approaches, from patient care to facilitation of learning. Students are required by the universities to evaluate their experiences in practice at the end of each placement and this contributes to the university quality assurance process Elcock and Sharples(2011). Students are asked to reflect on their practice placement and comment on the experience that they have gained based on four dimensions, the mentorship process, the available learning resources, their mentor and the qua lity of the practice placement.it will be at this stage that action of plan is developed if there are issues to be addressed. Creating an environment for learning. Walsh (2010) states that this domain entails helping a student identify their learning needs. Students develop their attitudes, competence, interpersonal communication skills, critical thinking and clinical problem solving abilities in the clinical learning environment (Dunn and Hansford,1997)feeling part of the team is the key factor in student’s feeling that they fit in and they are then able to learn. Aston and Hallam (2011) have identified that another way in which mentors can provide consistency in an approach to providing good learning opportunities for students is to identify what experiences you can provide that will enable students to achieve their competencies. A rapidly embraced and welcomed student is one who will be able to take advantage of the learning opportunities early on in their placement, in contrary a student that feels excluded and unwelcomed will likely shy away, withdraw and have raised anxieties regarding their chances of achieving learning outcomes. kinnell and Hughes(2010) points out that mentors need to appreciate the importance of understanding the healthcare students and the potential individual needs that they have as this will influence the student mentor relationship. Nicklin and Kenworthy(1995) identified some issues that characterise a good learning environment and they included a supportive mentor, that is able to identify learning opportunities for the student and is able to respond to differing learning styles of individual students. Finding out what stage the student is at in their training and what their particular needs and interests are aids in creating an environment for learning for the student. Walsh (2010) states that consistency, a patient and understanding mentor, protecting student supernumerary status and giving a student a time to reflect creates a good learning environment. Hand(2006) indicated that factors that are important for the creation of a positive learning environment are said to be a humanistic approach, where all staff are kind, genuine, approachable and promote self-esteem and confidence to students, good team spirits with respect and trust, high standards of care being provided using efficient but flexible approaches as well as teaching students as a key feature. Context of practice and evidence based practice The slaip document cements that mentors need to contribute to the development of an environment in which effective practice is fostered, implemented, evaluated and disseminated. Being a mentor does not only mean direct involvement in facilitation learning and assessment but it also challenges them to consider their own evidence base and standards of practice Elcock and Sharples (2011). Kinnell and Hughes suggests that mentors must therefore remember that the end result of evidence based practice is the ability to offer research- based findings in order to justify aspects of care delivery and rationale experiences encountered by patients throughout their healthcare journey. Walsh (2010) says that by adhering to the local policies and procedures and mandatory training is another way for mentors to achieve their use of evidence based practice. In context of practice, mentors are required by the Nursing and midwifery council to demonstrate their ongoing knowledge, skills and competence and that this should be reviewed and assessed at annual updates and triennial reviews. Duffy (2012) suggests that nurses should have a portfolio of evidence to demonstrate updating and maintenance of competence as a mentor. The aim of annual updating is to ensure that all mentors and practice teachers continue to understand issues relating to supporting students, understand the implications of changes to NMC requirements, have current knowledge of NMC approved programmes and make valid and reliable assessments of competence and fitness for safe and effective practice Elcock and Sharples(2011)and NMC(2008). Leadership Leadership is an integral role that mentors have to undertake. Kinnell and Hughes(2011) identify that the mentor’s role is forever changing as they are expected to be co-ordinaters of patient care, a care manager, an expert in their own clinical field and they are also expected to teach and assess healthcare students within their commitment to mentorship. Gopee(2011) establishes that mentors leadership role is crucial in practice at facilitating student’s learning.One of the NMC(2008) outcomes of leardership domain requires that mentors provide feedback about the effectiveness of learning and assessment in practice. Anderson (2011)adds that helpfull feedback should be based on a recognised model of assessment feedback such as ‘praise sandwich’ and Duffy(2013) confirms that mentors need to provide students with regular feedback on their performance, this is integral to the assessment process. Kinnell and Hughes(2011) identified a number of leadership styles such as autocratic, consultative, democratic and laissez-faire, a mentor should have an insight into different leadership ship styles and evaluate the one that appears to be dominant within their practice placement and how that style could influence the student’s experience. This assignment has highlighted the impotence of the SLAIP domains as a guidance for mentors. It has explored the qualities and the skills that mentors need to fullful their roles in order to capitalize on the student’s learning experience whilst working towards developing a competent practitioner. 2700(words)Page 1

cloning :: essays research papers

Introduction The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep "Dolly" (Nature 385, 810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of "cloning" --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning? When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions. The following three types of cloning technologies will be discussed: (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning The terms "recombinant DNA technology," "DNA cloning," "molecular cloning,"or "gene cloning" all refer to the same process: the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today. Scientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used by Human Genome Project researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. To "clone a gene," a DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is isolated from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been cut with the same restriction enzymes. When the fragment of chromosomal DNA is joined with its cloning vector in the lab, it is called a "recombinant DNA molecule." Following introduction into suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. See a diagram depicting this process. Plasmids can carry up to 20,000 bp of foreign DNA. cloning :: essays research papers Introduction The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep "Dolly" (Nature 385, 810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of "cloning" --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning? When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions. The following three types of cloning technologies will be discussed: (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning The terms "recombinant DNA technology," "DNA cloning," "molecular cloning,"or "gene cloning" all refer to the same process: the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today. Scientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used by Human Genome Project researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. To "clone a gene," a DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is isolated from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been cut with the same restriction enzymes. When the fragment of chromosomal DNA is joined with its cloning vector in the lab, it is called a "recombinant DNA molecule." Following introduction into suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. See a diagram depicting this process. Plasmids can carry up to 20,000 bp of foreign DNA.

Odyssey, realism or fantasy? Essay

Stories and epics can last throughout time; the Odyssey has proven the test of time. The Odyssey acts as a guide book for the Ancient Greeks but allows modern audiences to still enjoy the content. It helps give an oversight as to the life and morals of the Ancient world. Both realism and fantasy play a part in the Odyssey to create relatable tension and excitable journeys. The Gods help make and break Odysseus on his journey back to Ithaca. Homer enabled the gods to be anthropomorphic from the outset. The gods assemble a council to discuss Odysseus’ situation thus showing a democratic society that would be desirable to all audiences (almost promoting democracy as something even the gods would do). Zeus and Poseidon prove vengeful and merciful depending on the situation, similarly, Calypso and Circe show jealousy and selfishness when we first meet them on their own isolated islands. Calypso even suffers the injustice of double standards in which she is not permitted to marry a mortal: Odysseus. Gods such Aeolus add tension to the Odyssey as Odysseus’ men do not trust what is in the bag which results in being blown off course to Ithaca. The gods hold human emotions which has consequences on Odysseus throughout his journey, whether it being Ino’s sympathy or Poseidon’s wrath. Gods hold the ability to physically change into any human in the mortal world causing tests to the cities and enables Athena greatly in aiding Odysseus. The significantly differs to a modern audience’s potential view on a God, the Christian God is omnipotent and omnibenevolent. An Ancient audience is shown that the many gods do have the realism of human emotions but the powers to cause physical disasters (such as great waves and storms). This allows an ancient audience to relate more to the gods into how they should behave as well as that morals are important, however, even the gods have weak spots. Homer sustains fantasy and reality when describing the actions and intentions of the gods, merging them together to create his epic. Odysseus comes across many fantastical people in his journey home. He reaches the land of the Lystrogonians who at the surface seem like a civilised country, however, he goes on to discover that they are in fact cannibalistic giants. What started out as a potentially realistic view into another country to be discovered, turned into a fantastical and thrilling fight for their lives. Monsters such as Scylla and Charybdis, and the sirens prove only there to be dangerous. They try and prevent Odysseus from continuing home. They do, however, offer an insight into how Odysseus behaves and reacts to situations of fictional monsters. The monsters prove that Odysseus isn’t only strong against men, but even fantastical creatures which he would have never encountered before. Even Circe and Calypso and first of all presented as being the perfect Ancient Greek woman by singing and weaving when they are first presented in the epic. They seem normal and real but soon show their dangerous and evil intentions of hindering Odysseus. Homer disguises them as to seem real and normal but then throws in a fantastical twist to keep the audience engaged to how what might seem normal, is far from it. As well as this, the Phaecians are completely fantastical and a fictional town. They have such a strong relationship with the gods that the gods do not disguise themselves at all; they turn up in their true forms. They are even related to the Cyclopes who we find out Polyphemus is the son of Poseidon. Subsequently, from disobeying Poseidon, they get punished extremely harshly (they get turned into rocks for helping Odysseus leave their island) which is all fictional. Even through hall the different fictional islands he travels through and all the monsters he meets, Greek traditions such as xenia and proper burial rights still apply. The best example of this is Elpenor. He falls off of Circe’s roof and they do not burry him. By book 11, when Odysseus enters the Underworld, Elpenor begs Odysseus to find his body and properly burry him to which Odysseus complies. Similarly, whilst leaving the island of the Cicones, Odysseus and his crew solute the death of 72 men 3 times each as they sail away. The sheer respect to the dead and the lengths that Odysseus goes to respect them is shown throughout the Odyssey no matter where he is. Xenia is a system to respect strangers and there is a specific process to go through before asking the stranger questions (this involves feeding, bathing, clothing and a gift at the end of their stay). Circe awful xenia to Odysseus’ crew as she turns them into pigs however she does, in the end, correct her ways and give Odysseys’ crew a house, food and clothes for a year. The Phaecians do not show xenia to begin with either although they soon correct their ways. Xenia is about respecting Zeus as the gods can physically transform into humans and therefore could test anyone one their xenia. The perfect xenia of Nestor and Menelaus towards Telemachus are clear examples to an Ancient audience oh how to perform xenia. Even characters that don’t show xenia to begin with, end up complying which enables the realism of morals to come across with the ancient audience. The fantasy creatures and gods (such as Circe and Calypso) show xenia. The first half of the Odyssey shows a lot of excitement caused by the fantasy events that take place. The second half, once Odysseus lands in Ithaca, realism seems to take over in which Odysseus has to keep his disguises as a beggar and be opened to abuse which comes with it. This endurance of such awful behaviour of the suitors towards him gives, once again, clear morals to an ancient and modern audience of what is happening in Greece and what is viewed as unacceptable – the lack of xenia and curtsey of the suitors. The loyalty of Eumaeus and Eurycleia combined with the accepted trust of Telemachus who has gained his kleos provides entertainment as Odysseus plots to eliminate all 108 suitors using his strength and cunning. This scene is influential to show how badly a beggar would have been treated but the justice that finally came upon the suitors would give hope to an audience of an era, that the hero always wins. Fantasy adds to the entertainment of the Odyssey just as much as the finalism of reality raining back onto Ithaca as order is restored in a violent manner. Morals have not changed that dramatically since Ancient Greece therefore the Odyssey still applies the good morals of respecting everyone as well as the strong loyalty of family which can be valued and relatable throughout time. As the Odyssey is meant to be a guide book for morals for the Ancient Greeks, the Odyssey will use issues relating to their lifestyle (such as xenia, nostos, kleos and dike). The odyssey allows for real life issues to be twisted into a fantasy form which an ancient audience would respect – if the gods are anthropomorphic and they offer xenia and correct their ways, then so should mortals. Fantasy cannot be the only aspect to an epic which would last through time, the audience has to be able to relate to the issues which arise to the protagonist. The Odyssey portrays humanity, justice, consequences and loyalty whether that be through people such as Penelope and Odysseus, or the jealousy of Calypso and Odysseus. Readers can relate to the topics that arise in the Odyssey. Homer has enabled an epic to complement fantasy and reality into one 10 year journey across the unknown just to get home.

Mysteries Surrounding Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Essays - Free Essays

Mysteries Surrounding Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Essays - Free Essays Mysteries Surrounding Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease The Mysteries Surrounding Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is a killer. What we know is that it wastes no time. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease will kill a person within one year of contraction. It is yet unknown how Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease chooses its victims, but it does seem to have accomplices, known as the spongiform encephalopathies, in the rest of the animal kingdom. It is possible that it may be known what means Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease uses in order to annihilate its victims, but the theory surrounding that is still controversial. By examining the facts and observing the evidence we shall one day uncover the truth behind this malicious killer. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is a rare neuro-degenerative disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is a rare neuro-degenerative disease that leads to the loss of coordination, dementia and death. Death usually occurs within a year of the onset of symptoms. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is a human disease and can be dormant for as long as thirty years. The average age of onset is sixty years, but there are recorded instances of onset as easily as sixteen years and as old as 80 years. It is estimated that, world-wide, between 0.5 and 1 case per million population occurs annually. Increased incidence in some regions of the world has been attributed to the possibility of a genetic predisposition. In the United States the incidence has been reported as being 0.9 deaths per million population attributable to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. This is an inexact figure however, due to the fact that Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is not a reportable disease in the United States (Holman) and the Center for Disease Con trol does not actively monitor the disease (Altman). To track the disease the Center for Disease Control has initiated a four-state study of death certificates (Altman), but since death certificates are not always accurate Davanpour) the survey may not provide an accurate assessment. This leaves the true prevalence in the United States and other countries remaining a mystery. Compounding the uncertainty, autopsies are rarely performed on atypical dementia patients (Harrison) because medical professionals fear infection (Altman). The officially reported rate of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease incidence is less than one case per million people per year (World). An informal survey of neuropathologists, however, registered a theoretical range of 2 - 21% of all dementia as actually Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Harrison) and hundreds of thousands of Americans suffer from severe dementia every year (Brayne; United). Two other studies average about a 3% Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease rate among dementia patients (Mahendra; Wade). A preliminary 1989 University of Pennsylvania study showed that 5% of patients diagnosed with dementia were actually dying from Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Boller). It would seem that Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is seriously underdiagnosed. The most common misdiagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is Alzheimer's disease (Harrison). Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease was even described as Alzheimers in fast forward (Wlalzek). The symptoms and pathology of both diseases overlap. There can be spongy changes in the brain (a classic effect of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) in Alzheimer's disease, for example, and senile plaques deposited on the brain (a classic effect of Alzheimer's disease) in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Brown). The causes may overlap as well; epidemiological evidence suggests that people eating meat more than four times a week for a prolonged period have a three times higher chance of suffering dementia than long-time vegetarians (Giem), although this result may be confounded by vascular factors (Van Duijn). Paul Brown, medical director for the U.S. Public Health Service (Gruzen), said that the brains of the young people who died from the new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Britain even look like the brains of Alzh eimer's patients (Hager). Stanley Prusiner, the scientist who coined the term prion, speculates that Alzheimer's may in fact turn out to be a prion disease as well (Prusiner). In younger victims the disease could look like multiple sclerosis or a severe viral infection, according to Alzheimer's expert Gareth Roberts (Brain). Twenty percent or more of people clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease are found at autopsy to not have had Alzheimer's at all (McKhann). At Yale, out of 46 patients clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's, 6 were proven to have actually had Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease at autopsy (Manuelidis). In another post-mortem study 3 out of 12 Alzheimer patients actually died from a spongiform encephalopathy

Video Game Violence essays

Video Game Violence essays In the spring of 1998 the Columbine High School massacre gripped the nation in terror and upset parents searched for some sort of tangible meaning as to why the atrocity had been committed. The two suspects had claimed in their manifesto that they enjoyed playing the video game Doom, a game that seemed to some as a breeding ground for ultra-violent behavior. As a result a heated argument which had until that time been somewhat kept to the shadows of legislative discussion was suddenly thrust into the face of national attention by the media. Those who introduced the debate basically stipulated that video games encouraged the psychopathic behavior of the youth that was plaguing American society in their minds. Those who did not feel that way stated that video games were simply a new entertainment medium and were no worse than television, cinema, or printed media. Furthermore, video game supporters argued that the consumers buying the games in question were more than capable of disting uishing the fictional events and situations of the video games they played from the reality that they lived in. In the past ten years there has been an increase in the popularity of violent video games featuring adult material. First person video games like Doom and Counterstrike place the user in the role of the main character. The user must navigate their way through various missions and levels using violent weaponry to kill any arising enemies. Such games are notorious for their high levels of blood, sex, and violence. Although games featuring blood and gore are subjected to a rating system ranging from M (Mature) to E (suitable for all ages) it has been made clear that patrons are not enforcing these restrictions. Studies brought before Congress have proven that minors can purchase Mature rated video games without the proper identification validating their age. With younge...

Is the Queensland Australian prison system in need of reform Research Paper

Is the Queensland Australian prison system in need of reform - Research Paper Example Prison deaths often fall into two categories. There is the natural and unnatural death. An unnatural death may be defined as suicide, drug overdose or murder. However, it can be noted that all deaths by drug overdose and suicide remain questionable. This stem from the reason that prison murders can be staged to look like suicides or drug overdoses. Hence, the term â€Å"unnatural death†. For instance, Sir David Longland Correctional Centre (SDLCC), in Queensland, has been reported to have the highest prisoner mortality rate for unnatural deaths than any other Australian maximum-security prison. Over the last decade, an estimated twenty-eight prisoners have died unnatural deaths. The criminal justice system in Queensland, Australia is designed to deal accordingly with people who do not obey the law. At first glance, Queensland’s criminal justice system appears to be fair and just. However, beneath the surface for those that are going through the system, there appears to be injustices, particularly for marginalized citizens, those without power, contacts, or knowledge (Egel, 2007). Circumstances surrounding the unnatural deaths of these prisoners are symptomatic of the observed secrecy that cloaks the Queensland prison system. There seems to be a self-serving secrecy the Queensland Department of Corrective Services has steadily fostered by applying censorship tourniquets that may suppress politically sensitive information ever reaching the media. The Queensland Corrective Services Act 2000, for instance, has been specifically implemented to reinforce that method by regulating the media’s access to Queensland prisoners. It is those restrictive pr actices that may have allowed the killing incidents of Queensland prison facilities to flourish. There are four main goals of prison confinement. These include Incapacitation, Retribution, Rehabilitation and Deterrence. Incapacitation focuses on

Analysis of Strategic Information Systems Research Paper

Analysis of Strategic Information Systems - Research Paper Example Data is collected at all points which act as sources of data which is then converted into needed information during the data processing phase and this, in turn, is made available at an appropriate time when people managing the company needs it. Essentially, information management is all about providing the right information to the right person at the right time. However, due to various reasons that occupy and clutter happenings in the company, we find that the information gets lost in them. Information Management also loses sight of why, when and how the information is needed in order to get targeted output. This would mean that the information management strategy should be clearly in line with the management strategy of the company. Secondly, the information management strategy is needed to ensure that the entire department works in sync. This will become more pronounced when the strength of people in the department grows. The staff in the department needs to get tuned to the management requirements and the strategy that the management of the company has adopted in order to ensure that all the targets of the information needs are met by the department. In order to make sure that this happens, the information department needs to form a strategy which would repeatedly cross-check whether the company's goals and targets are aligned to the targets and goals of the department. Thirdly, information management strategy ensures that there are a clear plan and purpose in the operation of the information department. This will also make sure that everyone in the department knows their own roles and responsibilities. Moreover, when an issue props up, then everyone knows who has to take care of what and thereby ensures smooth incident management as well. Knowledge Management Strategy Every company and organization has its own specific knowledge that is created over a period of time. This happens to ensure the very survival of the company. Knowledge comes about in different ways and means. It resides in drawings, designs that the company makes and in their intelligence properties. All these add up to knowledge and this knowledge needs to be managed properly to ensure that it is available to people who are working in the company when they need it. Knowledge Management is defined as making available in the right knowledge or information or company proprietary data to the right person when he needs it. It is about not enabling knowledge to people who are not supposed to receive it. Much the same way, it is also about people receiving only what they are supposed to receive. Anything above this or below this is not knowledge management. Moreover, who is to receive what kind of knowledge is the strategy that the company would adopt. The company needs to decide how to secure its knowledge packets should be. In most cases, the major quantum of knowledge resides in very minor information.

ETHICS OF ANIMAL COLLECTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ETHICS OF ANIMAL COLLECTION - Essay Example 25) disagrees with this concept that confining animals in a zoo is not beneficial to the society. He denotes that keeping animals in a zoo helps to protect animal species that are in danger of extinction (Parish and Taylor, 2010, p. 31). Michael (2000, p.33) denotes that keeping animals in a zoo is beneficial because it will help to educate the public on a variety of animals, and their various characteristics. Blanchard (2011, p. 19) and Michael (2000, p. 35) denotes that the main ethical reason for the existence of Zoos is for the purpose of conserving wild animals. In fact, Parish and Taylor (2010, p. 22) denotes that Zoos have changed their policies over the last decade in order to focus on animal preservation. To achieve this objective, Parish and Taylor (2010, p. 26) denotes that Zoos have embarked on creation of breeding programs that are meant to replace the existing extinct and endangered animal species. Michael (2000, p. 39) further denotes that Zoos have initiated programs that are aimed on educating the public on the importance of conserving these animals, and their benefits to the eco-system. Twine (2010, p. 46) further believes that Zoos have initiated programs whose main aim is to raise money for purposes of conserving and preserving the animals under their protection.

Star Trek Technology We Use Everyday Essay Example for Free

Star Trek Technology We Use Everyday Essay Star Trek technology has become reality that we use in our daily lives. There are many different forms of technology fields that have been shown in Star Trek as a first that have become a reality rather than a Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) fantasy. Star Trek technology came from the great imaginative minds of writers and designers with little to no knowledge of science in the original series. It wasnt until the second series that they started to incorporate actual scientific methods and terms. Advancements in science have come about through the influence of creative people thinking of the future. This technology has been instrumental in how we conduct our lives. Contemporary technology has been influenced by Star Trek in many ways. Phones were around for many years before Star Trek; however, they were tied down to the house or office by wires and the bulkiness of the devices. No one could possibly make a phone call on the go, yet they could by using a phone booth. However, using a phone booth would not be of much use since it couldnt be carried around. One of the greatest inventors of this decade, Dr. Martin Cooper, decided to come up with a new form of communicating with the rest of the world. Dr. Martin Cooper found himself tripping over his phone cord when he saw Star Trek appear on the TV playing in the background. Cooper watched with envy as Captain Kirk calmly conversed while walking across an alien landscape. (Laytner, 2011) While Cooper watched Captain Kirk with his communicator, he was bewildered â€Å"And, suddenly theres Captain Kirk talking on his communicator,† remembers Cooper. â€Å"Talking with no dialing!† (Handel, 2005) With the idea set in his mind, he set out to make it a reali ty. In 1973, Martian Cooper, While working for Motorola, he [Cooper] created the first personal cell phone, citing Captain Kirks communicator on Star Trek as an inspiration. His first call on the 28-oz. (800 g) cordless cell phone — dubbed the brick — was to his rival at Bell Labs Research. (Grossman, 2007) However, this big brick of a phone didnt match the likeness of the communicator that Captain Kirk used, so in 1996, Motorola made the first flip phone named StarTAC. (Kessler, 09-0) These clamshell phones were highly sought after and held the cell phone design for many years until touch screen phones recently became more popular. Many Star Trek fans and even older more stubborn non-techies still try to keep the flip phone for the nostalgia of Star Trek and to keep pocket dialing to a minimum. In 1974, Ed Roberts created the Altair 8800, the first minicomputer that came in kits for consumers to put together, yet it wasnt a friendly user system since software wasnt invented yet. The Altair 8800 was named after a space system from the Star Trek series and was the basis for the basic computer language that Bill Gates of Microsoft, Steve Jobs of Apple, and Gordon Moore of Intel used to create new and more user friendly computers. This basic language that Ed Roberts created was inspired by Star Trek (Handel, 2005). When computers became a household name and personal were computers available to the general public, a new development occurred that would be called a laptop. Adam Osborne of Osborne Computer Corporation, the father of portable computers, introduced the first commercially available portable computer with software to run it, named Osborne 1 in 1981 (Scott, n.d.). In 1968, Alan Kay of Xerox made a concept and prototype of a portable information manipulator, named Dynabook, a different form of a portable computer that wasn’t user friendly or available to the general public (Maxwell, 2006). Without software, the Dynabook was hard to understand and use, so the Osborne 1 with its software and graphic interface to allow users to see what they were doing made it a true portable computer. Portable computers got an even newer facelift in 1993 when Robert Haitani developed the Palm Pilot, a first in personal data assistant (PDA) and a new form of portable computers. Robert Haitani, the designer of the Palm Pilot, said his first sketches were influenced by the Enterprise bridge panels and produced it. A few years later there was a combination of cell phones and PDAs since they shared hardware which resembled to the communicator in Star Trek. You could stand there and talk into it like Captain Kirk (Laytner, 2011). The Palm Pilot spanned PDAs which transformed into the current popular trend of tablets and smart phones. All the different technologies incorporated into the tablet and the smart phone can be traced back to their Star Trek influenced roots. Advancements in technology and science have been influenced by many sources. Star Trek played a large role in evolution of the modern technology by influencing many inventors. Even though the original series of Star Trek was written and designed with little to no knowledge of the technological advancements of the times, Gene Rodenberry wrote many views of how life would be with various forms of technology that weren’t even a reality, yet. Works Cited Grossman, Lev. (2007). Best inventions of 2007. Time. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1677329_1677708_1677825,00.html. (Grossman, 2007) Time listed the best inventions and inventors of the 2007, and they had Martin Cooper listed for creating the first mobile telephone that wasnt mounted in a car in 1973. Laytner, Lance. (2011). Edit international. Retrieved from http://www.editinternational.com/read.php?id=4810edf3a83f8 (Laytner, 2011) Talks about the documentary How William Shatner Changed The World and the many inventions of many inventors help shaped the world now because they were influenced by Star Trek to reach for the future. Maxwell, John (2006) Tracing the Dynabook: A Study of Technocultural Transformations http://thinkubator.ccsp.sfu.ca/Dynabook/Maxwell-DynabookFinal.pdf (Maxwell, 2006) This thesis paper was great detail on Alan Kay, who made a from of portable computer that manipulated information, and his accomplishments and how the Dynabook became what it did. Handel, Alan. (Writer) (2005). How William Shatner Changed The World [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u304yVYoCJs